Volcanology

Stratovolcano, Compound Guatemala, 15.04°N / -91.9°W

Shield, Pyroclastic cone(s), Lava dome(s) Antarctica, -77.52°S / 168.55°E

Stratovolcano, Lava dome(s)

Lava dome, Tuff cone Mindanao (Philippines), 7.88°N / 125.07°E

Citlaltépetl (from Náhuatl citlal(in) = star, and tepētl = mountain), otherwise known as Pico de Orizaba, is an active volcano and the highest volcano in North America, as well as the highest mountain in Mexico and third highest peak in North America, after Denali of the United States and Mount Loga

Momotombo is a stratovolcano in Nicaragua, located near the city of León

The Barrier is a lava dam retaining the Garibaldi Lake system in southwestern British Columbia, Canada

Stromboli ( STROM-bə-lee, Italian: [ˈstromboli]; Sicilian: Struògnuli [ˈʂː(ɽ)wɔɲɲʊlɪ]) is an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, containing Mount Stromboli, one of the four active volcanoes in Italy

Krakatoa (), also transcribed Krakatau (), is a caldera in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung

Mount St. Helens (known as Lawetlat'la to the local Cowlitz people, and Loowit or Louwala-Clough to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States

Mauna Loa (, Hawaiian: [ˈmɐwnə ˈlowə]; lit. 'Long Mountain') is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean

Mount Rinjani (Indonesian: Gunung Rinjani; Sasak: ᬕᬸᬦ᭄ᬗᬸᬂ᭞ᬭᬶᬦ᭄ᬚᬦᬶ, romanized: gunong rinjani) is an active stratovolcano situated in regencial North Lombok of West Nusa Tenggara province on the Indonesian island of Lombok

A mud volcano or mud dome is a landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases

A volcanic arc (also known as a magmatic arc) is a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate, with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above

In geology and geomorphology, an erosion surface is a surface of rock or regolith that was formed by erosion and not by construction (e.g. lava flows, sediment deposition) nor fault displacement

A caldera ( kawl-DERR-ə, kal-) is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption

A lava tube, more rarely called a pyroduct or lava tunnel, is a natural roofed conduit along which molten lava flows from a volcanic vent

In volcanology, a lava dome is a circular, mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano

A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano

A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep, conical landform of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic ash, clinkers, or scoria, that has been built around a volcanic vent

A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a shield lying on the ground

A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a typically conical volcano built up by many alternating layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra

A maar is a broad, low-relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma)

A tuya is a flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet

A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity

A diatreme, sometimes known as a maar-diatreme volcano, is a volcanic pipe associated with a gaseous explosion

A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity

A volcanic field is an area of Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity

Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt

A supervolcano is a volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index

A cryovolcano (sometimes informally referred to as an ice volcano) is a type of volcano that erupts gases and volatile material such as liquid water, ammonia, and hydrocarbons

A hornito is a conical, or pipe-like, structure built up by lava spattering or being ejected through an opening in the crust of a lava flow

Dimmuborgir (dimmu "dark", borgir "cities" or "forts", "castles"; pronounced [ˈtɪmːʏˌpɔrcɪr̥]) is a large area of unusually shaped lava fields east of Mývatn in Iceland

The Salvation Islands (French: Îles du Salut, so called because missionaries went there to escape plague on the mainland), sometimes mistakenly called the Safety Islands, are a group of small islands of volcanic origin about 11 kilometres (6 nautical miles) off the coast of French Guiana, 14 kilomet

The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BC. It destroyed the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and the coast of Crete with subsequent earthquakes and tsunamis.

The Toba eruption (also called the Toba supereruption and the Youngest Toba eruption) was a large eruption that occurred around 74,000 years ago, during the Late Pleistocene, at the site of present-day Lake Toba, in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe.

The 1991 Eruption of Mount Unzen (Japanese: 1991年の雲仙岳噴火) was a natural disaster caused by the eruption of Mount Unzen in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.

In December 2021, an eruption began on Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean.

Ōwakudani (大涌谷, lit. "Great Boiling Valley") is a volcanic valley with active sulphur vents and hot springs in Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

Popocatépetl (UK: POP-ə-KAT-ə-pet-əl, -⁠kat-ə-PET-əl, US: POHP-, Spanish: [popokaˈtepetl] ; Nahuatl languages: Popōcatepētl [popoːkaˈtepeːt͡ɬ] ) is an active stratovolcano located in the states of Puebla, Morelos, and Mexico in central Mexico.

Rincón de la Vieja is an active andesitic complex volcano in north-western Costa Rica, about 23 km (14 mi) from Liberia, in the province of Guanacaste.

Mount Hibok-Hibok (also known as Catarman Volcano) is a stratovolcano on Camiguin Island in the Philippines.

Misti is a volcano in the southern Peruvian Andes, rising above Arequipa, Peru's second-largest city.

Cosigüina (also spelt Cosegüina) is a stratovolcano located in the western part of Nicaragua.

Santa María Volcano is a large active volcano in the western highlands of Guatemala, in the Quetzaltenango Department near the city of Quetzaltenango.

Mount Iraya, is an active stratovolcano on Batan Island, and is the highest point in the province of Batanes, Philippines.

South Island, or Hohnel Island (named after Ludwig von Höhnel who helped with Teleki's expedition), is a fissure-formed volcanic island and the largest one out of 3 other major islands in Lake Turkana, Kenya.

Kīlauea (US: KIL-ə-WAY-ə, Hawaiian: [kiːlɐwˈwɛjə]) is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, located along the southeastern shore of Hawaii Island.

Laki (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈlaːcɪ] ) or Lakagígar ([ˈlaːkaˌciːɣar̥], Craters of Laki) is a volcanic fissure in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, not far from the volcanic fissure of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur.

The Chaîne des Puys (French: [ʃɛːn de pɥi]; lit. 'Chain of the Puys') is a north-south oriented volcanic field, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, comprising 48 cinder cones, eight lava domes, and 15 maars and explosion craters, in the Massif Central of France.

Crater Lake (Klamath: Giiwas) is a volcanic crater lake in south-central Oregon in the Western United States.

Sierra Negra (Spanish: Black Mountain) is a large shield volcano at the southeastern end of Isabela Island in the Galapagos that rises to an altitude of 1124m.

Torfajökull (Icelandic for "Torfi's glacier"; Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈtʰɔrvaˌjœːkʏtl̥] ) is a rhyolitic stratovolcano, with a large caldera (central volcano) capped by a glacier of the same name and associated with a complex of subglacial volcanoes.

A kīpuka is an area of land surrounded by one or more younger lava flows.

Huaynaputina has erupted several times during the Holocene, including on 19 February 1600 - the largest recorded eruption ever witnessed in South America - which continued with a series of events into March.

A limnic eruption, also known as a lake overturn, is an extremely rare type of natural hazard in which dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly erupts from deep lake waters, forming a gas cloud capable of asphyxiating wildlife, livestock, and humans.

Novarupta was formed in 1912, during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, in which it released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St.

A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity.

A pit crater (also called a collapse crater) is a depression formed by the sinking or collapse of the surface lying above a void or empty chamber, rather than by the eruption of a volcano or lava vent.

A somma volcano, also known as a sommian, is a volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone.

In geology, a resurgent dome is a dome formed by swelling or rising of a caldera floor due to movement in the magma chamber beneath it.

A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano or a volcanic complex, is a mixed landform consisting of related volcanic centers and their associated lava flows and pyroclastic rock.

In volcanology, a pyroclastic shield or ignimbrite shield is an uncommon type of shield volcano.

A rootless cone, also formerly called a pseudocrater, is a volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted.

A lava spine (or lava spire) is a vertical growth of solid lava that is forced from a volcanic vent.

Geologically, a volcanic island is an island of volcanic origin.

A subglacial mound is a type of subglacial volcano formed when lava erupts beneath a thick glacier or ice sheet.

Eyjafjallajökull (Icelandic: [ˈeiːjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœːkʏtl̥] ; "glacier of (the mountain) Eyjafjöll"), sometimes referred to by the numeronym E15, is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, north of Skógar and west of Mýrdalsjökull.

A flood basalt (or plateau basalt) is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows.

Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression.

A volcanic dam is a type of natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism, which holds or temporarily restricts the flow of surface water in existing streams, like a man-made dam.