Pleistocene

The Pleistocene ( PLY-stə-seen, -⁠stoh-; referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from c. 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.

The valley has been renowned since Renaissance for its fossils, dating from the Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene, including species such as the mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis, and the sabertooth cats Homotherium and Megantereon.

Underneath Chachani lies a caldera. During the Pliocene and early Pleistocene, the volcanic group produced large ignimbrites such as the La Joya, Arequipa Airport, and Yura Tuff ignimbrites; afterwards, the volcanic group proper grew in the caldera until about 56,500 years ago.

The Chocolate Hills are conical karst that consist of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, thin to medium-bedded, sandy to rubbly marine limestone.

Most of the rocks are sedimentary, and the Miocene-age Monterey Formation outcrops to the south, in the foothills of the Sierra Madre. Pliocene and Pleistocene sedimentary formations occur in the foothills along the south side of the valley as well.

Its underlying strata were formed by Pliocene and Pleistocene lava flows covered by Holocene sedimentary deposits.

Starting about two million years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch, glaciation took place in the area.

It is made of the same sand that once formed part of a vast savanna of the late Pleistocene where Neanderthals hunted.

The Gulf of Corinth basin, or Corinth rift, is an active extensional marine sedimentary basin thought to have started deforming during the late Miocene, Pleistocene epoch.

Over geological time, glacial and periglacial processes have sculpted Huayna Potosí's landscape. During the Pleistocene, repeated glaciations carved deep U-shaped valleys, cirques, and morainic deposits that remain visible today around the Zongo Valley and on the eastern slopes.

There have been andesitic and dacitic Pleistocene and Holocene eruptions from vents at or near the summit.

When the Pleistocene ice sheets carved out the basin of modern-day Lake Erie, these hard rocks proved more resistant to erosion than the shales in the east, and as a result, Lake Erie's western end is much shallower than the basins in the east, so that the islands remain above water.

For most volcanic centers in the Southern Cascades, one volcano becomes active and normally becomes extinct as another begins to erupt, but at the Lassen locus, the Maidu and Dittmar volcanic centers overlapped during the late Pliocene to the early Pleistocene.

The crater was created about 50,000 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch, when the local climate on the Colorado Plateau was much cooler and damper.

The site consists of approximately 100 Holocene patch reefs clustered on a Pleistocene ridge of limestone and is composed predominantly of boulder star corals (Montastraea annularis).

The mountain is built up from non-alkali mafic and pyroclastic volcanic rocks dating from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene.

The volcano began erupting during the Pliocene and was active into the late Pleistocene and the Holocene.

Isarog Volcano is interpreted to have formed during the Pleistocene, as indicated by K-Ar dating of lava samples from the edifice, which yielded an age of 0.16 ± 0.12 Ma.

Mount Kenya is a stratovolcano that was active in the Plio-Pleistocene.

It is still gaining roughly 5 mm (0.20 in) of height per year. During the Pleistocene Epoch of about 100,000 years ago, the mountain was covered by sheets of ice and glaciers.

Helens started its growth in the Pleistocene 37,600 years ago, during the Ape Canyon stage, with dacite and andesite eruptions of hot pumice and ash.

Volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz began about two million years ago, during the Early Pleistocene or Late Pliocene, with three major eruptive periods.

The Nevado del Tolima is a Late Pleistocene to recently active andesitic stratovolcano located in the Tolima department, Colombia.

Ojos del Salado was volcanically active during the Pleistocene and Holocene, during which it mainly produced lava flows.

Pacaya lies on the southern edge of a sizable volcanic caldera formed in the Pleistocene age which contains Lago de Amatitlán.

The glaciers located in the Bonpland were the result from Merida glaciation in the Pleistocene.

Pico de Orizaba evolved in three stages, the most recent initiated about 16,000 years ago during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.

The Santa Clarita Valley is underlain by Quaternary alluvial deposits and coarse-grained Pleistocene age conglomerates dominated by sandstone of marine and non-marine origin.

Pliocene-to-Pleistocene

Pleistocene

Pleistocene to recent

Pleistocene

Pleistocene

which formed during the late-Pleistocene

eruption of voluminous Pleistocene pumice and lava flows

The dominantly Pleistocene Paka shield volcano

constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene

Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene

The late-Pleistocene to Holocene dominantly andesitic group