Speleology

Speleology is a cross-disciplinary field that combines the knowledge of chemistry, biology, geology, physics, meteorology, and cartography to develop portraits of caves as complex, evolving systems.

The Chyulu Hills is a mountain range in Makueni County in southeastern Kenya

The Mammoth Site is a museum and paleontological site near Hot Springs, South Dakota, in the Black Hills

A grotto or grot is a natural or artificial cave or covered recess

Caves and caverns are natural voids under the surface of the Earth and have also been observed in other rocky worlds (e.g., on Mars)

In geology, a blowhole or marine geyser is formed as sea caves grow landward and upward into vertical shafts and expose themselves toward the surface, which can result in hydraulic compression of seawater that is released through a port from the top of the blowhole

A limestone pavement is a natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles an artificial pavement

A sea cave or littoral cave is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea

A salt cave is a cave formed within rock salt by the dissolution of this very soluble rock by water

A talus cave, also known as a boulder cave, is a type of cave formed by the gaps between one or, more commonly, many large boulders

Paleocollapse is a rock structure resembling the karst landform, but is formed essentially by the dissolution of underlying sedimentary rock

A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer

A cenote (English: or ; Latin American Spanish: [seˈnote]) is a natural pit, or sinkhole, resulting when a collapse of limestone bedrock exposes groundwater

The Tongtian Rock (Chinese: 通天岩), or Tongtian Cliff, is a danxia landform scenic spot, located in Shuixi Town, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China

Anchor Church is a series of caves in a Keuper Sandstone (Triassic conglomerate) outcrop, close to the village of Ingleby, Derbyshire, England

A polje, also called karst polje or karst field, is a large flat plain found in karstic geological regions of the world, with areas usually in the range of 5-400 km2 (2-154 sq mi)

A stalactite (UK: , US: ; from Ancient Greek σταλακτός (stalaktós) 'dripping', from σταλάσσειν (stalássein) 'to drip') is a mineral formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or man-made structures such as bridges and mines

A stalagmite (UK: , US: ; from Greek σταλαγμίτης (stalagmítēs); from Ancient Greek σταλαγμίας (stalagmías) 'dropping, trickling' and -ίτης (-ítēs) 'one connected to, a member of') is a type of rock formation that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the

Thermokarst is a type of terrain characterised by very irregular surfaces of marshy hollows and small hummocks formed when ice-rich permafrost thaws

Honeycomb weathering, also known as honeycombs, honeycombed sandstone, is a form of cavernous weathering that consists of regular, tightly adjoining, and commonly patterned cavities that are developed in weathered bedrock; are less than 2 cm (0.79 in) in size; and resemble a honeycombed structure

A karst window, also known as a karst fenster, is a geomorphic feature found in karst landscapes where an underground river is visible from the surface within a sinkhole

El Torcal de Antequera is a nature reserve in the Sierra del Torcal mountain range located south of the city of Antequera, in the province of Málaga of the A45 road in Andalusia, Spain

Cava d'Ispica (English: Cave of Ispica) is a nature reserve and archaeological site located in-between the towns of Modica and Ispica, in the southeastern part of Sicily, Italy.

The Delika canyon (Spanish: Cañón de Délica, Basque: Delikako arroila) is a karst canyon of Spain, located in the province of Álava

Cave of the Crystals (Spanish: Cueva de los cristales), also known as Naica Cave (Spanish: Cueva de Naica) or the Giant Crystal Cave, is a cave connected to the Naica Mine at a depth of 300 metres (980 ft), in Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Mammoth Cave National Park is a national park of the United States in south-central Kentucky.