The scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3 to 4 billion years ago. It is the unifying framework of modern geology, explaining earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges and the shape of the continents as one connected system, and it grew directly out of Alfred Wegener's rejected theory of continental drift once seafloor spreading gave it a mechanism. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Facts
TimescaleMillions of years; plates have been moving since roughly 3 to 4 billion years ago 1 Driving ForceDissipation of heat from the mantle, driving convection, with slab pull at subduction zones the strongest single driver of plate motion. 1 Resulting FeatureMid-ocean ridges, deep ocean trenches, mountain ranges, volcanic arcs and the great majority of the world's earthquakes, concentrated along plate boundaries. 1 SignificancePlate tectonics is the unifying framework of modern geology, explaining the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges and the ocean basins within a single theory. 1 Driving Force
Driving Force (category) Timescale
Timescale (category) Plate Tectonics
Filter Results5 entries
FAQs
What causes plate tectonics?
Mantle heat drives convection, and slab pull at subduction zones is the strongest single force moving the plates.
Plate tectonics is driven mainly by heat escaping from Earth's mantle, which powers slow convection within it. Of the forces that move the plates, slab pull, the sinking of dense, cold oceanic lithosphere at a subduction zone, is the single strongest driver of plate motion.
Connections
Held Differently
Continental Drift, Concepts Not rejected: continental drift's core observation was validated and absorbed whole into plate tectonics once seafloor spreading supplied the missing mechanism. Variant, a different and superseded account of the same underlying reality, not a debunked claim.
Source Continental Drift (Wikipedia)
Anticipated By
Confirmation of seafloor spreading in the 1960s is what turned continental drift into accepted plate tectonics.
Source Plate Tectonics (Wikipedia)
Rejected Here
Geosyncline Theory, Concepts Geosyncline theory's sediment-loading mechanism for mountain building was superseded by plate tectonics; unlike Continental Drift's absorption into Plate Tectonics (recorded in a variant stance elsewhere in this atlas), the geosynclinal model and its terminology were substantially set aside rather than folded in whole, and by 1982 were argued to carry more discredited baggage than explanatory value.
Source Geosyncline (Wikipedia)
Associated With
Transform faults and the hotspot explanation of Hawaii are two of plate tectonics' keystone arguments.
Source John Tuzo Wilson (Wikipedia)
Tectonophysics supplies the physical mechanics behind plate tectonic processes such as continental drift and mantle convection.
Source Tectonophysics (Wikipedia)
A key development in the theory of plate tectonics during the Plate Tectonics Revolution.
Source Wilson Cycle (Wikipedia)
Caused By
The slow creep of the solid mantle is the widely credited underlying engine that drags the plates above it, supplying the driving mechanism Wegener's original continental drift lacked.
Source Mantle Convection (Wikipedia)
Causes
Source Undersea mountain range (Wikipedia)
Wikidata P31 (Q509037) mapped to formative process Plate Tectonics via earth5 extended reviewed judgment map; source citation is this entity's own cited Wikidata item.
Source Wikidata: Wrangellia Terrane
Wikidata P31 formation-type mapped to formative process Plate Tectonics via reviewed judgment map (earth atlas); source citation is this entity's own cited Wikidata item.
Source Wikidata: Wyoming Craton
Source Yehliu (Wikipedia)
Wikidata P31 formation-type mapped to formative process Plate Tectonics via reviewed judgment map (earth atlas); source citation is this entity's own cited Wikidata item.
Source Wikidata: Yilgarn Craton
Wikidata P31 (Q2094611) mapped to formative process Plate Tectonics via earth5 extended reviewed judgment map; source citation is this entity's own cited Wikidata item.
Source Wikidata: Zealandia
Source Zhangye National Geopark (Wikipedia)
Wikidata P31 formation-type mapped to formative process Plate Tectonics via reviewed judgment map (earth atlas); source citation is this entity's own cited Wikidata item.
Source Wikidata: Zimbabwe Craton
Showing 51 to 58 of 58 in Causes, page 2 of 2.
In Discipline
Source Plate Tectonics (Wikipedia)
Open Questions
Source Plate Tectonics (Wikipedia)
Sources
1. Plate Tectonics (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationDriving forces
Dissipation of heat from the mantle is the original source of the energy required to drive plate tectonics through convection or large scale upwelling and doming.
Introduction, opening sentence
is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3-4 billion years ago.
View the Source Geosyncline (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Geosyncline Theory, Later history sectionView the Source Land bridge (Wikipedia)
Causes: Land bridge, Article textQuote, Causes: Land bridge, Article text
A land bridge can be created by marine regression, in which sea levels fall, exposing shallow, previously submerged sections of continental shelf; or when new land is created by plate tectonics; or occasionally when the sea floor rises due to post-glacial rebound after an ice age.
View the Source Raised beach (Wikipedia)
Causes: Raised Beach, Article textQuote, Causes: Raised Beach, Article text
Around the world, a combination of tectonic coastal uplift and Quaternary sea-level fluctuations has resulted in the formation of marine terrace sequences
View the Source Iapetus Suture (Wikipedia)
Causes: Iapetus Suture, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)Quote, Causes: Iapetus Suture, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)
The Iapetus Suture is one of several major geological faults caused by the collision of several ancient land masses forming a suture.
View the Source Supercontinent (Wikipedia)
Causes: Supercontinent, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)Quote, Causes: Supercontinent, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)
Moving under the forces of plate tectonics, supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past.
View the Source Mid-ocean ridge (Wikipedia)
Causes: Mid-ocean ridge, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)Quote, Causes: Mid-ocean ridge, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)
A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics.
View the Source Wikipedia: Oceanic trench
WikipediaCauses: Oceanic trench, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)Quote, Causes: Oceanic trench, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)
Oceanic trenches are a feature of the Earth's distinctive plate tectonics.
View the Source Abyssal plain (Wikipedia)
Causes: Abyssal plain, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)Quote, Causes: Abyssal plain, Lead section (caused-by Plate Tectonics)
The creation of the abyssal plain is the result of the spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and the melting of the lower oceanic crust.
View the Source Indus-Yarlung suture zone (Wikipedia)
Causes: Indus-Yarlung Suture Zone, Lead sentenceQuote, Causes: Indus-Yarlung Suture Zone, Lead sentence
The Indus-Yarlung suture zone or the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo suture is a tectonic suture in southern Tibet and across the north margin of the Himalayas which resulted from the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate starting about 52 Ma.
View the Source Undersea mountain range (Wikipedia)
Causes: Undersea mountain range, Lead sentenceQuote, Causes: Undersea mountain range, Lead sentence
If they originated from current tectonic forces, they are often referred to as mid-ocean ridges.
View the Source Wikipedia: Island
WikipediaCauses: Island, Lead sentenceQuote, Causes: Island, Lead sentence
There are continental islands, which were formed by being split from a continent by plate tectonics, and oceanic islands, which have never been part of a continent.
View the Source Yehliu (Wikipedia)
Causes: Yehliu, Lead sentenceQuote, Causes: Yehliu, Lead sentence
It was formed six million years ago, after the collision of the Philippine Sea plate and Eurasian plate; tectonics then pushed the Datun Mountains out of the sea.
View the Source 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake (Wikipedia)
Causes: 1950 Assam-Tibet Earthquake, Lead sentenceQuote, Causes: 1950 Assam-Tibet Earthquake, Lead sentence
The earthquake is notable as being the largest recorded quake caused by continental collision rather than subduction, and is also notable for the loud noises produced by the quake and reported throughout the region.
View the Source Izu Peninsula (Wikipedia)
Causes: Izu Peninsula, Article textQuote, Causes: Izu Peninsula, Article text
Tectonically, the Izu Peninsula results from the Philippine Sea Plate colliding with the Okhotsk Plate at the Nankai Trough.
View the Source Wikipedia: Tepui
WikipediaCauses: Tepui, Article textQuote, Causes: Tepui, Article text
Throughout the course of the history of Earth, the plateau began to erode and fragment about 300 million years ago (mya), and about 70 mya the tepuis were formed from the remaining monadnocks.
View the Source Raised coral atoll (Wikipedia)
Causes: Raised coral atoll, Lead sentenceQuote, Causes: Raised coral atoll, Lead sentence
A raised coral atoll or uplifted coral atoll is an atoll that has been lifted high enough above sea level by tectonic forces, protecting it from scouring by storms and enabling soils and diverse, often endemic, species of flora and fauna to develop.
View the Source Abyssal hill (Wikipedia)
Causes: Abyssal hill, Lead sentenceQuote, Causes: Abyssal hill, Lead sentence
They may be created along the flanks of the tectonically active East Pacific Rise as horst-and-graben features, then become stretched out with the passage of time.
View the Source Central Valley (California) (Wikipedia)
Causes: Central Valley (California), Article textQuote, Causes: Central Valley (California), Article text
The valley is thought to have originated below sea level as an offshore area depressed by subduction of the Farallon Plate into a trench farther offshore.
View the Source Zhangye National Geopark (Wikipedia)
Causes: Zhangye National Geopark, Article textQuote, Causes: Zhangye National Geopark, Article text
The result (similar to a layer cake), was tilted by the action of the same tectonic plates responsible for creating parts of the Himalayan mountains.
View the Source Lesser Antilles (Wikipedia)
Causes: Lesser Antilles, Article textQuote, Causes: Lesser Antilles, Article text
Many of the islands were formed as a result of the subduction of oceanic crust of the South American plate under the Caribbean plate in the Lesser Antilles subduction zone.
View the Source Calchaquí Valley (Wikipedia)
Causes: Calchaquí Valley, Article textQuote, Causes: Calchaquí Valley, Article text
The ravine is geologically relatively recent, produced by tectonic movements that took place in the last two million years.
View the Source Aeolian Islands (Wikipedia)
Causes: Aeolian Islands, Article textQuote, Causes: Aeolian Islands, Article text
The origin of the Aeolian Islands is due to movement of the Earth's crust as a result of plate tectonics.
View the Source Spiti (Wikipedia)
Causes: Spiti, Article textQuote, Causes: Spiti, Article text
Now, we know that the valley was uplifted from the ocean bed due to the movement of tectonic plates.
View the Source Open Questions (1 open question)
When and how did plate tectonics itself begin on early Earth?
The rock and mineral record old enough to settle it is scarce and heavily altered: the Hadean and early Archean left almost no surviving crust to read directly, so estimates for when a single, stable, mobile-lid system of plates first organized range from roughly 4 billion to under 3 billion years ago, and some researchers argue the earliest crust moved under a different regime entirely before plate tectonics as it now works took over.
What would resolve this Either a substantially larger surviving sample of Hadean and early Archean crust than currently exists, or a geochemical or isotopic proxy, read from what does survive, that can distinguish plate-tectonic from non-plate-tectonic crustal recycling with confidence.
Geology, GeochronologyPlate Tectonics (Wikipedia)
Reader Challenges (0)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.
Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.