A cliff, also called a bluff or rock face, is an area of rock with a steep, near vertical to vertical face, shaped by the combined action of weathering, erosion and gravity. Cliffs are common on coastlines, in mountainous terrain, along escarpments and beside rivers, and they tend to form in rock resistant enough to hold a steep face, including sedimentary rock such as sandstone, limestone, chalk and dolomite as well as igneous rock such as granite and basalt.
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